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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2015  |  Volume : 8  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 158-164  

A comparative study of fasting, postprandial blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in staff members of MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala


1 Department of Biochemistry, SKIMS Medical College Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
2 Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India

Date of Web Publication13-Mar-2015

Correspondence Address:
Qazi Najeeb
Department of Biochemistry, SKIMS Medical College Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar - 190 018, Jammu and Kashmir
India
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Source of Support: The research had been approved and funded by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (No - 3/2/2011/PG-thesis- MPD-19, Dated: 29.3.2011), Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0975-2870.153145

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  Abstract 

Introduction: For decades, the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was based on blood glucose criteria, either the fasting blood glucose (FBG) or a 2-h value in the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. In 2009, an International Expert Committee that included representatives of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), International Diabetes Federation and European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommended the use of the HbA1c test to diagnose diabetes with a threshold of ≥6.5% and this criterion was finally adopted by ADA in 2010. Hence, the study was undertaken to evaluate the predictive efficacy of glycated hemoglobin as a diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus and to identify individuals at risk of developing diabetes mellitus using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the staff members of the Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Science and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. Out of the total 800 staff members, 200 staff members were included in the study (88 faculty members, 37 staff nurses, 12 laboratory technicians, 25 clerical staff, 38 class IV) selected by systemic random sampling. Every fifth member on the list was included in the sample. After obtaining the data, it was coded and analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis was used to predict the sensitivity, specificity, positivity, negativity and overall accuracy of a diagnostic test. A two-tailed test P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 (IBM, Chicago, USA). Results: Out of 200 subjects, 19.5% were labeled diabetic using FBG, 23% by postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) and 38.5% by using glycated hemoglobin according to ADA guidelines. A total of 62% had high-risk score out of which majority belonged to group-I (faculty) followed by group-II (nursing staff) and group-IV (clerical staff). With the advancement of age in each gender, IDRS also increased significantly. FBG, PPBG and glycated hemoglobin had sensitivity of 51.1%, 50%, 82.2%; specificity of 89.6%, 89.7%, 74.8%; positive predictive value of 58.9%, 48.8%, 48.6%; and negative predictive value of 86.3%, 85.8%, 93.5%, respectively. FBG and PPBG were better correlated with glycated hemoglobin in males when compared to females. Correlation coefficient between FBG and glycated hemoglobin was stronger than PPBG and glycated hemoglobin. IDRS value ≥60 had optimum sensitivity of 65% and specificity 62.5% for determining diabetes. Conclusion: Combination of FBG and glycated hemoglobin as biochemical parameters for diagnosing diabetes mellitus was better when compared to FBG and PPBG so both can be taken as screening/diagnosing parameters. Glycated hemoglobin may be a useful measure for diagnosing diabetes and supports a possible cut-off point ≥6.5% that is in line with current recommendations.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, Indian Diabetes Risk Score


How to cite this article:
Najeeb Q, Singh J, Pandey R, Mahajan R. A comparative study of fasting, postprandial blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in staff members of MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala. Med J DY Patil Univ 2015;8:158-64

How to cite this URL:
Najeeb Q, Singh J, Pandey R, Mahajan R. A comparative study of fasting, postprandial blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in staff members of MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala. Med J DY Patil Univ [serial online] 2015 [cited 2024 Mar 28];8:158-64. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/mjdy/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2015/8/2/158/153145


  Introduction Top


Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent noncommunicable diseases and has become a modern epidemic. [1] Globally, it is among the top ten leading causes of death in most high-income countries, and there is a substantial evidence for it being an epidemic in many developing countries. Patients with diabetes mellitus are at higher risk to develop both microvascular and macrovascular complication. [2] Although, it is one of the most extensively investigated human diseases, it often remains under diagnosed. [3] Moreover, the Asian Indian phenotype is more prone to diabetes mellitus than rest of the world's population, and most of the people with diabetes are between 40 and 59 years of age. [4],[5]

For decades, the diagnosis of diabetes was based on plasma glucose criteria, either the fasting blood glucose (FBG) or a 2-h value in the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The special requirements for the OGTT, fasting and 2-h postprandial plasma glucose, limit the clinical application of these methods. In 2009, an International Expert Committee that included representatives of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the International Diabetes Federation and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommended the use of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test to diagnose diabetes with a threshold of ≥6.5% and this criterion was adopted by ADA in 2010. [6] HbA1c test is convenient and easy to do irrespective to the time elapsed since the previous meal, has low day to day variability, greater stability and reflects the average blood glucose over the previous 8-12 weeks. [7],[8],[9]

According to revised ADA guidelines, people with HbA1c levels in the range of 5.7-6.4% are "at very high risk" for developing diabetes mellitus over 5 years. Henceforth, the range of 5.5-6.0% is the appropriate level to initiate preventive measures. [6] Hence, the study was undertaken to evaluate the predictive efficacy of glycated hemoglobin as a diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus and to identify individuals at risk of developing diabetes mellitus using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS).


  Materials and Methods Top


This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry among the staff members, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Science and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. Out of the total 800 staff members above the age 30, 200 staff members were included and selected by systemic random sampling. A list of all employees was prepared, and every fifth name on the list was included in the study as a sample. The first group consisted of 88 faculty members. Group-II included 37 staff nurses and group-III-12 laboratory technicians. Group-IV included 25 members of clerical staff and in group-V were 38 class IV employees.

The present study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the hospital and was conducted after obtaining informed and written consent from the participants. Two questionnaires were used to find out the presence of diabetes mellitus; first was a self-designed, pretested questionnaire, which included personal details, risk factor details, anthropometric evaluation, laboratory investigations and the second was proforma for IDRS. [10] Two milliliters of venous blood sample were taken after 8 h of fasting as per the standard guidelines and protocol, under all aseptic precautions. Glucose oxidase-peroxidase method was used for the estimation of FBG and 2 h postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) [11] and HbA1c was estimated by taking blood sample in an ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid vial and was estimated by modified Ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography [12] these all were analyzed on automated chemistry analyzer Metrolab 2300 (Made in Argentina).

For the statistical data analysis, descriptive statistics was used to calculate the frequency of the study population. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between variables where data was approximately normally distributed. Pearson Chi-square test/Fisher exact test (whatever was applicable) have been used to assess the association between attributes. To determine the risk factors (odds ratio/adjusted odds ratio) associated with disease, univariate logistic regression analyses were carried out while, for multinomial independent variables, multivariate logistic regression analysis have been used. Receiver operator characteristics curve (ROC) analysis was used to predict the sensitivity, specificity, positivity, negativity and overall accuracy of a diagnostic test. A two-tailed test P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 (IBM, Chicago, USA).


  Results Top


Out of 200 subjects, 92 (46%) were males and 108 (54%) females with a mean age of 43.67 ± 10.42 years. Mean levels of FBG, PPBG and HbA1c were 105.15 ± 35.35 mg/dL, 166.94 ± 49.93 mg/dL and 6.25% ± 1.16%, respectively. Mean levels of different clinical parameters like body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and IDRS were 26.10 ± 3.47 kg/m 2 , 0.95 ± 0.07, 128.75 ± 13.17 mmHg, 86.76 ± 7.75 mmHg and 58.10 ± 17.14 score, respectively [Table 1]. Nineteen percent (19.5%) were labeled diabetic using FBG, 23% by PPBG and 38.5% by using HbA1c, according to ADA guidelines. A total of 62% had high-risk score out of which majority belonged to group-I (faculty) followed by group-II (nursing staff) and IV (clerical staff). With the advancement of age in each gender, IDRS also increased significantly [Table 2]. [Table 3] shows a significant increase in FBG, PPBG and HbA1c levels in males as compared to females. A nonsignificant BMI increase in females, whereas a significant increase of WHR in males as compared to females was observed. A nonsignificant increase in IDRS (P = 0.48) was seen in females [Table 3]. BMI and IDRS were statistically significant when compared with diabetic history [Table 4]. Taking both the biochemical parameters (FBG and PPBG) into consideration, 63.65% was diagnosed to be nondiabetic, 66.6% were prediabetic and 82.1% were diabetic. Significant association was seen between FBG and PPBG (P < 0.001) [Table 5]. Similarly, while taking HbA1c and PPBG together into consideration 84.1% were nondiabetic, 57.3% were prediabetic and 46% were diabetic. [Table 6] showed a significant association between HbA1c and PBG (P < 0.001). In addition, using HbA1c and FBG, 51% of study subjects were nondiabetic, 41.2% were prediabetic and 87.2% had diabetes. A significant association between FBG and HbA1c was seen (P < 0.001) as shown in [Table 7]. FBG, PPBG and HbA1c had sensitivity of 51.1%, 50%, 82.2%; specificity of 89.6%, 89.7%, 74.8%; positive predictive value (PPV) of 58.9%, 48.8%, 48.6%; and negative predictive value (NPV) of 86.3%, 85.8%, 93.5% respectively. HbA1c was hence having a highest sensitivity and NPV, while PPBG and FBG with higher specificity compared to HbA1c [Table 8]. [Table 9] showed a stronger correlation coefficient between FBG and HbA1c than PPBG and HBA1c. IDRS value ≥60 had optimum sensitivity of 65% and specificity 62.5% for determining diabetes.
Table 1: Characteristics of the study subjects

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Table 2: Distribution of study participants according to various groups

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Table 3: Descriptive analysis of different parameters on the basis of sex

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Table 4: Distribution of different variables with respect to history of diabetes

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Table 5: Distribution of study participants according to FBG and PPBG

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Table 6: Distribution of study participants according to HbA1c and PPBG

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Table 7: Distribution of study participants according to FBG and HbA1c blood glucose

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Table 8: Sensitivity, specificity and predictive efficacy of the tests

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Table 9: Correlation of FBG, PPBG, HbA1c and IDRS in the study

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  Discussion Top


HbA1c test is widely used and accepted as the means of retrospectively capturing mean glycemia. It is the basis of treatment guidelines and is used universally to adjust therapy. Epidemiologic studies are forming the framework for recommending the use of HbA1c to diagnose diabetes have all been set in adult populations. [13] Our data analysis reveals that FBG was having a sensitivity of 51.1%, specificity of 89.6%, PPV of 58.9% and NPV of 86.3% [Table 8] with ROC showing area under curve (AUC) for FBG = 0.828 (P < 0.001, confidence interval [CI] = 95%, standard error [SE] = 0.034) [Table 9]. However, a similar but with a slightly higher specificity and NPV was observed in a cross-sectional epidemiological survey using FBG criteria set by ADA. [7] Similar results were reported by Diabetes Epidemiology Collaborative analysis of Diagnostic criteria in Europe study based on 20 European study which revealed sensitivity and specificity for FBG equal to 49% and 98.2% respectively. [14] For PPBG, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 50%, 89.7%, 48.8% and 85.8%, respectively [Table 8], with AUC value of 0.776 (P < 0.0001 and CI = 95%) in the ROC curve [Table 9]. Our results were in concordance to a study where specificity of 80.6%, sensitivity of 57% was observed for diagnosing diabetes using PPBG criteria set by ADA. [15] A slightly similar study carried out for predicting diabetes incidence in Japanese population for PPBG with a sensitivity and specificity of PPBG was 86.8% and 96.3% was observed. [16]

Our data showed that HbA1c had a higher area under the ROC curve than FBG and PPBG (0.835 v/s 0.828 and 0.776) indicating a higher diagnostic value of HbA1c for identifying diabetic patients [Table 10] and [Figure 1]. This was in concordance to the study that reported a higher diagnostic value of HbA1c especially in high-risk individuals with nondiagnostic levels of Fasting Plasma Glucose. [17] Dzebisashvili, while evaluating diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c in undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients reported results similar to ours study with sensitivity and specificity 66% and 78% (CI = 95%) respectively for HbA1c cut-off value of ≥ 6.5%. [18] Sensitivity of 81.8% and specificity of 84.9% with a cut-off value of ≥6.5% for HbA1c were observed in another study. [19]
Figure 1: Receiver operator characteristics curve of fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and HbA1c

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Table 10: Area under the curve and statistical significance of FBG, PPBG and HbA1c

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Mostafa et al. while comparing the diagnostic indices of HbA1c in undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients reported PPV of 44.8% and NPV of 98.9% at cut-off value of HbA1c ≥6.5% in white Europeans (similar to our results) compared to PPV of 36.2%, NPV of 98.8% sensitivity of 78.9% (similar to our results) and specificity of 92.8% among South Asians. [20] A similar NPV value for HbA1c was also reported in other studies also. [21],[22] Ramachandran et al. reported a specificity of 87% and sensitivity of only 51% for HbA1c (cut-off value of ≥6.5%) as a diagnostic tool for diagnosing type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indian patients. [23] However, Lipscombe, reported a very high specificity (99%) and low sensitivity (30%) of HbA1c (cut-off value of ≥6.5%) in American patients. [24] The reason for differences our study and others may be due to different ethnic groups are found to have different sensitivity and specificity values for HbA1c, which may be related to genetic differences in the concentration of hemoglobin, the rates of glycation and the lifespan or count of red blood cells. [25] Recently, racial and ethnic variations in HbA1c have been reported to impact the potential utility of HbA1c test. [26] Partly, the differences in results may be due to the different assay methods employed as mentioned by Herman et al. [27] Thus, from our study, HbA1c was found to have the highest sensitivity for detecting diabetic cases as compared to FBG or PPBG though with slightly lower specificity. Also, a significantly high NPV was seen for HbA1c among all tests.

A sensitivity (65%) and specificity (62.5%) of IDRS value ≥60 were obtained for HbA1c as evidenced from area under ROC curve which was highest for HbA1c than for FBG and PPBG [Figure 2]. These results were similar to those reported by Mohan et al. and Adhikari et al. [10],[28] ROC curve was obtained for IDRS and tested for diabetics showing AUC of 0.731 with P < 0.001, CI = 95%, SE = 0.039 [Figure 3].
Figure 2: Receiver operator characteristics curve of fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and HbA1c against Indian Diabetes Risk Score

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Figure 3: Receiver operator characteristics curve showing performance of Indian Diabetes Risk Score in diabetics

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The present study showed that both FBG and PPBG correlated significantly with HbA1c values. Avignon et al. reported a better correlation between HbA1c and PPBG, [29] similar to that of our study where HbA1c and PPBG showed a good correlation and linear relation using linear regression analyzer. Same results were observed by Rosediani et al. Bastyr et al. also reported similar findings with stronger correlation of 2-h PPBG (r = 0.400, P < 0.001) than FBG (r = 0.260, P = 0.004). [30] A study carried out by Soonthornpun et al. also concluded that strong correlation with HbA1C value was seen with 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (r = 0.51) for near normal FPG (FPG <7.8 mmollL). [31] The correlation coefficient between FBG and HbA1c is stronger than the correlation coefficient between PPBG and HbA1c. Same results were found by Saiedullah et al. who found a better correlation between HbA1c and FBG than with PPBG. [32] These results suggest that both FBG and PPBG correlated significantly with HbA1c.


  Conclusion Top


The combination of FBG and HbA1c as biochemical parameters for diagnosing diabetes mellitus is better as compared to FBG and PPBG so can be taken as screening/diagnosing parameters. HbA1c may be a useful measure for diagnosing diabetes and supports a possible cut-off point ≥6.5% that is in line with current recommendations. Comparison of National Diabetes Control Program of India by utilizing IDRS versus ADA guidelines provides a broader perspective of applicability of ADA guidelines in Indian setup. Within this study, we found that the impact of utilizing HbA1c ≥6.5% as the preferred diagnostic tool detected significant number of diabetic patients as compared when using FBG or PPBG. Thus, it can be concluded that at least the people with diabetes would not be missed should HbA1c become the preferred diagnostic tool.


  Acknowledgments Top


The authors express gratitude to the all participants in this study for their patience and support. Also, the research funding provided by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to Dr. Qazi Najeeb is gratefully acknowledged.

 
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    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7], [Table 8], [Table 9], [Table 10]


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