Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year
: 2017  |  Volume : 10  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 339--342

Study of fine-needle aspiration cytology of breast lumps in rural area of Bastar district, Chhattisgarh


Sachin A Badge1, Anjalee G Ovhal2, Khemlal Azad1, Avinash T Meshram1,  
1 Department of Pathology, Late Shri Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India
2 Department of Anatomy, Late Shri Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India

Correspondence Address:
Sachin A Badge
Department of Pathology, Late Shri Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh - 494 001
India

Abstract

Aims and Objectives: In India, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. The fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of breast lump is highly sensitive, easy to perform, and cost effective that can be carried out at outpatient department. The aim of this study is to identify the most common benign and malignant tumors of the breast lump on FNAC in our institute. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out in the Pathology Department of our institute over 2 years from January 2014 to December 2015. Procedure is done using 24-gauge needle fitted on 10 ml disposable syringe in syringe holder. The wet smear fixed with ether-alcohol mixture stained with hematoxylin and eosin and papanicolaou stain. The air-dried smear stained with May-Grunwald Giemsa stain. Results: A total of 731 cases were obtained in the cytopathology section over 2 years from January 2014 to December 2015, out of which 220 (30.10%) cases were breast lump FNACs. Benign tumors contributed to 162 cases (73.64%) and malignant tumors to 58 cases (26.36%). Among benign tumor, fibroadenoma was the most common tumor which constituted 121 cases (55%). Infiltrating duct carcinoma was the most common malignant breast tumor in the present study comprising 53 cases (24.09%). Conclusion: The most common benign tumor in the present study was fibroadenoma and the most common malignant tumor was invasive ductal carcinoma.



How to cite this article:
Badge SA, Ovhal AG, Azad K, Meshram AT. Study of fine-needle aspiration cytology of breast lumps in rural area of Bastar district, Chhattisgarh.Med J DY Patil Univ 2017;10:339-342


How to cite this URL:
Badge SA, Ovhal AG, Azad K, Meshram AT. Study of fine-needle aspiration cytology of breast lumps in rural area of Bastar district, Chhattisgarh. Med J DY Patil Univ [serial online] 2017 [cited 2024 Mar 28 ];10:339-342
Available from: https://journals.lww.com/mjdy/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2017/10/4/339/213934


Full Text

 Introduction



Breast lump is the most common presentation in most of the breast diseases. In India, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women.[1] Most of the cases in breast lesions are benign.[2] The fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was first introduced by the Martin and Ellis in 1930.[3] The FNAC of breast lump is highly sensitive, easy to perform, and cost effective that can be carried out at outpatient department.[4],[5] FNAC has various benefits over the open tissue biopsy.[6] It is rapid and reliable procedure. It helps in planning of treatment in the breast lump, and we can also perform molecular ancillary technique, i.e., progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor, proliferation antigen (Ki67), and DNA pattern analysis. Thus, the FNAC has reduced the number of open breast biopsies. Accuracy in the diagnosis can be increased by multiple sampling of appropriate sites by ultrasonography guidance and/or mammographic localization.[7] That is why FNAC is regarded as preliminary diagnostic procedure, as a screening procedure with or without ultrasonography or stereotactic guidance, or as a follow-up procedure for postmastectomy or lumpectomy. The aim of this study was to find the common causes of breast lump in our institute.

 Materials and Methods



The present study was carried out in the Pathology Department of our institute over 2 years from January 2014 to December 2015 after taking permission from ethical committee of institution. The patients with palpable breast lump referred from general surgery department in the institution for FNAC were involved in the study. The case history of the patient was recorded, includes detail history of pain, nipple discharge, ulceration of nipple, and duration of lesion. The examination of breast lump was done with recording of size and site of lump, consistency, fixation to skin and underline tissue, and retraction of nipple along with regional lymph node involvement. Consent was taken after due explanation of the procedure and its benefit to the patients. Procedure is done using 24-gauge needle fitted on 10 ml disposable syringe in syringe holder. The wet smear fixed with ether-alcohol mixture stained with hematoxylin and eosin and papanicolaou stain. The air-dried smear stained with May-Grunwald Giemsa stain.

 Results



A total of 731 cases were obtained in the cytopathology section over 2 years from January 2014 to December 2015, out of which 220 (30.10%) cases were breast lump FNACs. All the 220 patients underwent a diagnostic FNAC in our Pathology Department. In the present study, males contributed 6 cases (2.73%) and females contributed 214 cases (97.27%). Male-to-female ratio in the study was 1:35.67. Age range of patients varied from 12 years to 78 years [Table 1]. The youngest patient was 12 years old and diagnosed with fibroadenoma. The most aged patient was of 78 years old and diagnosed with infiltrating duct carcinoma. Among female, maximum cases were noted in the fourth decade, i.e. 99 cases (45%). In all 6 cases of male patients, diagnosis of gynecomastia was given. [Table 2] shows various types of diagnoses given on FNAC. [Table 3] shows age-wise distribution of various breast lump lesions. Maximum cases of fibroadenoma were found in the fourth decade (63 cases), whereas maximum cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma were found in the fifth decade (27 cases). Out of all breast lump lesions, benign tumors were more common than malignant tumors. Benign tumors contributed to 162 cases (73.64%) and malignant tumors to 58 cases (26.36%). Among benign tumor, fibroadenoma [Figure 1] was the most common tumor which constituted 121 cases (55%). Infiltrating duct carcinoma [Figure 2] and [Figure 3] was the most common malignant breast tumor in the present study comprising 53 cases (24.09%).{Figure 1}{Figure 2}{Figure 3}{Table 1}{Table 2}{Table 3}

 Discussion



There has been an increasing use of cytology techniques as diagnostic tools in the preoperative assessment of patients with breast lesions. This is due to high level of awareness among the clinicians of the role of cytology techniques, as a useful diagnostic tool and necessary adjunct to clinical examination. Furthermore, these techniques are well tolerated by patients and meet their expectations in a timely response to their concerns. The benign lesions of the breast are the most common lesions in the young adults and middle-age groups, and this reflects the increase in awareness of patients and their desire for early detection and medical care. This study has highlighted several potential benefits of fine-needle aspiration (FNA). The most important is that FNA is a simple, safe, and cost-effective method as the first line of investigation of palpable breast lumps, particularly in low-resource settings. Furthermore, the diagnosis of benign lesions is two folds that of malignant ones, this is an indicator of increased awareness in the community as well as clinicians recognizing the practicability of FNAC. The application of FNAC for the diagnosis of palpable breast masses was first introduced by Martin and Ellis in 1930, and since then, it has been established as an important tool in the evaluation of breast lesions.[3] The percentage of benign tumors in the present study was 73.64% (162 cases). This was similar to findings of study done by Bukhari et al., Rocha et al., Feichter et al., and Singh et al.[8],[9],[10],[11] The percentage was more as compared to findings of study done by Bell et al. and Mohammad et al.[12],[13] In the present study, percentage of malignant cases was 26.36% (58 cases); this was more or less similar to the findings of Bukhari et al. and Mohammad et al.[8],[13] This percentage was more than findings of study done by Bell et al., Rocha et al., Feichter et al., Singh et al., Shrestha et al., and Rupom and Choudhary [9],[10],[11],[12],[14],[15] Fibroadenoma was the most common benign lesion in this study which was concurrent with the findings of Bell et al., and invasive duct carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion which was similar to findings of study done by Mohammad et al.[12],[13]

 Conclusion



The FNAC of breast is cheap, safe, and highly accurate method for diagnosis of breast lump preoperatively to avoid undue surgery and inconvenience during biopsy. FNAC of breast lump should be used as preliminary investigation in outdoor patient department. The same aspirate can also be used for ancillary molecular testing. The most common benign tumor in the present study was fibroadenoma and the most common malignant tumor was invasive ductal carcinoma.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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